Expert's Guide: Best Match Deposit Bonus Casinos in UK

UK players get substantially more value from match deposit bonus casinos compared to regular gaming sites. A £10 stake at leading casinos could earn you up to £300 in bonus funds and hundreds of free spins. This bonus effectively doubles or triples your bankroll. Top UK casinos like Genting and Spin Genie give players 100% matches up to £150 and £100, plus 50-65 free spins on popular slots.

We've looked at the UK's best match deposit bonus casinos to find offers that deliver real value beyond flashy headlines. Most casinos set their wagering requirements between 30x and 50x. Players benefit most from requirements under 30x. The United Kingdom Gambling Commission's license ensures our recommended casinos' legitimacy and player protection. In this piece, we'll show you the highest-value bonuses and help you review bonus terms to boost your chances of turning those funds into actual wins.

Casinos

William Hill Review
gb
Safety coefficient87Points
Self Exclusion Tool20
Deposit Limit Tool10
Loss Limit Tool10
Popularity4298190
Review
Deposits methods
ClickandBuy
Maestro
MasterCard
Neteller
PayPal
Withdrawals methods
Cheque
ClickandBuy
Maestro
Neteller
PayPal
Mobile App
Show less
Sky Bet Review
gb
Safety coefficient47Points
Self Exclusion Tool20
Deposit Limit Tool10
Time Session Limit Tool8
Popularity2167400
Review
Deposits methods
Withdrawals methods
Mobile App
Show less
Mecca Bingo Review
gb
Safety coefficient69Points
Self Exclusion Tool20
Self Exclusion Register Participation15
Deposit Limit Tool10
Popularity715810
Review
Deposits methods
Apple Pay
MasterCard
PayPal
Paysafecard
Visa
Withdrawals methods
Visa
Apple Pay
MasterCard
PayPal
Mobile App
Show less
Tombola Review
gb
Safety coefficient54Points
Self Exclusion Tool20
Deposit Limit Tool10
Cool Offtime Out7
Popularity1411620
Review
Show more
Foxy Bingo Review
gb
Safety coefficient62Points
Self Exclusion Tool20
Deposit Limit Tool10
Time Session Limit Tool8
Popularity499620
Review
Show more
888 Casino Review
gb
Safety coefficient60Points
Self Exclusion Tool20
Deposit Limit Tool10
Time Session Limit Tool8
Popularity2494710
Review
Show more
PartyCasino Review
gb
Safety coefficient72Points
Self Exclusion Tool20
Deposit Limit Tool10
Loss Limit Tool10
Popularity223910
Review
Show more
Betway Casino Review
gb
Safety coefficient67Points
Self Exclusion Tool20
Deposit Limit Tool10
Time Session Limit Tool8
Popularity535170
Review
Show more
Hollywoodbets Review
gb
Safety coefficient52Points
Self Exclusion Tool20
Deposit Limit Tool10
Cool Offtime Out7
Popularity27497230
Review
Show more
32Red Casino Review
gb
Safety coefficient77Points
Self Exclusion Tool20
Deposit Limit Tool10
Loss Limit Tool10
Popularity562090
Review
Show more
48 Casinos found based on your search.
Go to page
Total pages 5

Top 5 Best Match Deposit Bonus Casinos for UK 

The UK online casino world gives players many match deposit bonus options from platforms of all sizes. We looked at dozens of online casinos based on their bonus value, wagering requirements, and player experience. These five operators emerge as the best choices for UK players looking for big match deposit bonuses in 2025.

1. MrQ Casino

MrQ Casino stands out with its player-friendly match deposit bonuses. The casino offers a 100% first deposit match up to £100 with a low 20x wagering requirement. Most competitors ask for 35-40x. On top of that, this UK-based operator has a clean record with the Gambling Commission and zero penalties since 2018. Players can use their match deposit bonus on over 900 games from big names like NetEnt and Microgaming. The casino lets players withdraw their bonus fund winnings right away through PayPal and other e-wallets.

2. Mega Casino

Mega Casino gives UK players one of the biggest match deposit offers right now. The welcome package matches 200% of first deposits up to £200, which triples a player's original bankroll. The 35x wagering requirement is standard, but the high match percentage makes up for it. Table game fans love this casino because blackjack and roulette count 20% toward wagering - much higher than the usual 5-10% at other UK bonus casinos. The bonus works the same way on their mobile app for iOS and Android devices.

3. PlayZee Casino

PlayZee Casino's match deposit system works beyond just the welcome bonus. Players get a tiered bonus setup that starts with a 100% match up to £300 and 100 free spins on their first deposit. Second and third deposits earn 50% and 25% reload bonuses. This setup spreads the value over time instead of giving everything upfront. PlayZee's bonus wallet keeps bonus funds separate from real money. Players can easily track their progress. The VIP program cuts wagering requirements by 5% with each new tier.

4. BetMGM Casino

BetMGM uses its global experience to create a great match deposit experience for UK players. They offer a simple 100% match up to £250 with a 35x wagering requirement on just the bonus amount. Other casinos apply it to both deposit and bonus combined. This makes a big difference as it means players need to wager half as much. BetMGM has exclusive games from their own studio, and bonus funds work on jackpot slots - something rare in the industry. The banking team processes withdrawals within 24 hours, whatever method you choose.

5. Mr Vegas Casino

Mr Vegas Casino takes a fresh approach to match deposit bonuses. Their welcome package matches 100% up to £200, and free spin winnings have no wagering requirements - something you rarely see in the UK market. The main bonus needs a standard 35x playthrough, but Mr Vegas uses real money first before bonus funds. Players have better chances of meeting wagering requirements this way. The casino has more than 2,500 games from over 45 providers, giving bonus players plenty of choices in slots, table games, and live dealer options.

What is a Match Deposit Bonus Casino?

Match deposit bonus casinos have become the life-blood of player acquisition and retention in online gambling. Players looking to maximize their gaming budget find these platforms appealing because of their unique financial incentives.

How match deposit bonuses work

Match deposit bonuses offer a simple yet powerful promotion at online casinos. The casino matches a percentage of your original deposit with bonus funds. Your casino account gets extra playing credits based on a set percentage when you add money. A 50% match bonus means you'll get an extra £50 in bonus funds if you deposit £100, giving you £150 to play with. Your £100 turns into £200 of playing money with a 100% match.

UK casinos sometimes go bigger with 200% matches that turn your stake into triple the amount. Your £100 deposit becomes a £300 playing balance in these cases. Notwithstanding that, these offers come with maximum limits—usually shown as "100% up to £200" or something similar. The bonus amount stays at the maximum limit even if you deposit more.

The bonus money exists as casino credits rather than cash you can withdraw. Each bonus comes with conditions. You'll need to meet wagering requirements before withdrawing any winnings. These requirements usually need you to play through the bonus 20 to 40 times. Sometimes this applies to both your deposit and bonus combined.

Why they are popular in the UK

Match deposit bonus casinos have gained massive popularity in the UK for good reasons. The UK gambling market generates about £11 billion yearly, and these promotions give players great value. Players can extend their gaming sessions without risking more of their own money.

These bonuses give UK players more than just extra money. Players can try new games, place bigger bets, or practice table game strategies with their expanded funds without using up their original deposit. The risk protection makes these bonuses attractive—players still have bonus funds to play with after their deposit runs out.

UK's competitive gambling market pushes operators to create better match deposit packages. PlayZee shows what premium platforms can offer: a 100% match up to £300 plus 100 free spins and 500 loyalty points. These multi-part promotions make players feel they're getting more value than simple bonus offers.

Match deposit bonus casinos give UK players exactly what they want: more entertainment through bigger playing funds. Players understand these promotions easily because they clearly show the match percentage and maximum bonus. This straightforward approach keeps driving their popularity in Britain's online casino market.

How to Choose the Best Casinos

Picking the right match deposit bonus casino in the United Kingdom needs more than just looking at bonus amounts. Smart choices about where to play will boost your gaming experience and keep your money and data safe.

Licensing and Regulation

The life-blood of any reliable match deposit bonus casino in the UK comes from proper licensing by the UK Gambling Commission (UKGC). This regulatory body sets strict standards for player safety, fair play, and responsible gambling. Every legitimate operator must show their license number at the bottom of their homepage, which you can check on the UKGC website. Then, casinos without this certification break the law within Britain's borders. The Commission keeps a close eye on licensed operators and hands out big penalties when rules are broken—they issued £32.1 billion in fines during 2020. UKGC-licensed platforms will give a solid shield against fraud and let you access fair dispute resolution.

Game Variety

The range of games affects player satisfaction by a lot at match deposit bonus casinos in the UK. Studies suggest that variety keeps players excited and looking forward to each gaming session. The best platforms usually have 500+ slot games, 50+ table games, and about 30 live dealer options with different betting limits. The quality of game providers matters too—games from prominent names like Microgaming, NetEnt, and Playtech suggest better gameplay and fairness. Yes, it is true that partnerships with well-known developers often create exclusive games that make playing more fun. Quality match deposit bonus casinos maintain a good mix of games for everyone—from simple slots for newcomers to complex table games for experts.

Bonuses and Promotions

When you check out match deposit bonus casinos in the UK, look past the welcome package. The best operators offer regular promotions like reload bonuses, cashback deals, and loyalty programs that reward regular players. You really need to understand bonus terms—especially wagering requirements, which usually fall between 20x and 40x the bonus amount. Game contribution rates need attention too, since slots usually count 100% toward wagering requirements, while blackjack might only count 10%. Time limits are another big factor, as most bonuses expire within 7-30 days after activation. The best match deposit bonuses mix good amounts with fair wagering conditions and sensible timeframes.

Payment Methods

Payment options at match deposit bonus casinos in the UK affect both ease of use and security. Trusted platforms offer various methods like debit cards (VISA, Mastercard), e-wallets (PayPal, Skrill, Neteller), and mobile payments (Apple Pay, Google Pay). UK law banned credit card gambling in 2020, so you can only use debit cards and other approved methods. Different methods have different processing times—e-wallets usually process withdrawals within 24 hours, while debit cards might take 1-5 days. Look for casinos with low transaction fees and withdrawal limits that line up with your budget. Make sure all payment options use encryption to protect your personal and financial details.

Customer Support

Great customer support forms the foundations of good experiences at match deposit bonus casinos in the UK. Today's standards call for multiple ways to get help—live chat, email, and phone—with many offering 24/7 support. The core team should know their stuff about games, payments, and fixing technical issues. Quick responses matter too, and players prefer instant help through live chat to keep their gaming smooth. The FAQ sections are a great way to get answers to common questions fast. Exceptional customer support makes the best match deposit bonus casinos stand out by offering quick, tailored solutions that make players feel confident and satisfied.

Criteria to Choose the Best Casinos

Expert players know that picking match deposit bonus casinos in the United Kingdom goes beyond basic selection factors. They look deeper at specific criteria that substantially affect the overall gaming experience. These extra factors help separate exceptional platforms from average ones.

Mobile Compatibility

Mobile optimization has become essential for match deposit bonus casinos in the UK today. Players now prefer smartphone gaming, with about 63% of online casino sessions happening on mobile devices. The best platforms give players smooth experiences across operating systems. Games adapt automatically to different screen sizes without losing quality. Most trusted developers now focus on mobile-first designs. Their games work perfectly on smartphones and tablets. The best mobile casinos test their games thoroughly across many devices. Players get the same great experience whether they use iOS or Android. Some platforms even offer special mobile-only bonuses with lower wagering requirements than desktop versions.

User Reviews

Real player feedback is a great way to get insights when choosing match deposit bonus casinos in UK markets. Review sites host more than 60,000 casino evaluations from real players in over 100 countries. These reviews reveal things you won't find in promotional materials. Players share their experiences about withdrawal speeds, customer service quality, and how bonuses really work. Good review sites never change or delete negative feedback. This gives you honest assessments instead of marketing spin. Casinos that respond openly to criticism usually show more transparency. This approach often extends to their match deposit bonus terms too.

Security Measures

Your personal and financial data must stay safe at match deposit bonus casinos in the United Kingdom. The best platforms use 128-bit SSL encryption - similar to what banks use. This protects all data transfers. eCOGRA certification proves that random number generators work fairly. Smart AI systems watch for suspicious activity. Top casinos use multiple security layers, including fraud detection systems that check thousands of transactions at once. Two-factor authentication creates strong protection against unauthorized access. This becomes vital when claiming valuable match deposit bonuses.

Software Providers

Game developers shape the quality and gameplay at match deposit bonus casinos UK players enjoy. Big names like Evolution, NetEnt, and Pragmatic Play need UK Gambling Commission licenses. This ensures they follow strict fairness rules. Independent labs like BMM TestLabs and iTechLabs regularly test their random number generators. Different providers have varying rules about how games count toward bonus wagering requirements. This matters when looking at match deposit offers. Leading software companies keep updating their games for mobile. Players get quality gameplay on any device.

Responsible Gambling Policies

UK match deposit bonus casinos must provide detailed responsible gambling tools by law and ethics. The Gambling Commission requires operators to show information about gambling responsibly. Players can set deposit limits, use session timers, get reality checks, and self-exclude. These features appear prominently in all gambling areas. Players can easily find and use protective measures. Good platforms train their support staff to spot and help customers showing problem gambling signs. Forward-thinking operators include these tools when players accept bonuses. This helps people think about responsible limits before using big match deposit offers.

Types of Match Deposit Bonuses You Can Claim

Match deposit bonus casinos in the UK have bonus structures that appeal to different types of players. Players can find opportunities that match their gaming priorities and bankroll management strategies by understanding these bonus types.

Welcome bonuses

Welcome bonuses are the main way UK match deposit bonus casinos attract new players. These upfront rewards usually double your first deposit with a 100% match. Some generous sites offer 200% matches that triple your money when you sign up. A few aggressive casinos even give 300-500% matches to win market share. Many casinos spread these bonuses over multiple deposits. To name just one example, see MrPlay Casino's three-deposit welcome package worth £200 plus 100 bonus spins. These first-time offers have the best terms you'll find, though they still need 30-40x wagering on the bonus amount.

Reload bonuses

Reload bonuses keep existing players coming back after their welcome package ends. The match rates are lower than welcome offers - usually 10-25%. Some casinos give weekly reloads while others run them monthly or during special campaigns. These bonuses are great because they often include free spins with the deposit match to give you more value. Since you can claim them repeatedly, reload bonuses are a big part of the long-term value at UK match deposit bonus casinos.

High roller bonuses

High roller bonuses target players who deposit £1,000 or more. These premium offers give you much better value, with 100% matches up to £5,000 and beyond. The wagering requirements are lower than regular bonuses and you get more time to complete them. You also get personal service from VIP managers who customize bonus terms based on how you play. UK match deposit casinos usually make these premium perks part of complete VIP programs with ongoing rewards.

Seasonal and event-based bonuses

Limited-time bonuses pop up during holidays, sports events, and new game releases. Christmas deals often boost match rates and add themed free spins, like Hello Casino's past offer of a 100% match to £100 plus 100 bonus spins. Easter brings special tournaments - Yggdrasil ran one with a £39,708 prize pool on seasonal games. Halloween promotions use spooky themes, as shown by Tsars Casino's previous 100% match up to £397 plus 100 free spins on Pumpkin Smash. New game launches also come with tailored deposit matches to get players to try them out.

How to Evaluate a Match Deposit Bonus Offer

Smart players at UK match deposit bonus casinos know that looking past the bonus percentage helps reveal details that determine real value. A close look at these terms helps you find the best promotions among many options.

Wagering requirements

Wagering requirements are the life-blood of any match deposit bonus review. These multipliers show how many times you need to play through the bonus before you can withdraw your winnings. Most requirements range from 30x to 50x, which substantially affects your chances to cash out. A £20 bonus with a 10x requirement means you'll need to wager £200 before withdrawing. Watch out especially when you have "bonus plus deposit" terms. A 15x (bonus+deposit) requirement might look better than 20x (bonus only), but the math tells a different story. With a £100 deposit and £50 bonus, you'd need £2,250 (15x £150) compared to £1,000 (20x £50) in total wagers.

Bonus caps and expiry

Time limits play a vital role here. You usually get about 30 days after activation to use your match deposit bonus, though this can vary between casinos. You'll lose both unused bonus money and any winnings if you don't complete the wagering in time. On top of that, it's common to see win limits, especially with free spins. Casinos set maximum bet limits—often £5 per spin—to protect themselves from players who might try to beat the wagering requirements.

Eligible games

Casinos spell out how different games count toward wagering requirements. Slots usually contribute 100%, while table games only count for 10-50%. This means blackjack players might need to wager more than slot players to clear similar bonuses. Some games don't qualify for bonus play at all, so check the terms before you pick your games.

Payment method restrictions

Not every deposit method works for claiming bonuses at UK match deposit bonus casinos. Most casinos don't accept e-wallets like Skrill and PayPal. We mainly saw this restriction to stop people from abusing bonuses through multiple accounts. Higher fees for some payment methods also affect these rules. These limits help prevent fraud, keep casinos compliant with regulations, and make sure promotions stay profitable.

Best Match Deposit Bonus Casinos for Mobile Users

Mobile gaming has become the fastest growing way UK players access match deposit bonus casinos. Recent data shows smartphones and tablets now account for 63% of online casino sessions. Players have moved toward portable gaming, which has pushed operators to create specialized platforms and rewards for mobile users.

Top mobile-optimized platforms

Several UK match deposit bonus casinos deliver exceptional mobile experiences. Virgin Games stands out in the digital world with about 900 optimized slots and many free-to-play options through their simplified app. 888Casino offers quick payouts and over 2,000 games that work perfectly on smaller screens. LeoVegas Casino won "2021 Mobile Casino Product of the Year" by combining an accessible interface with great match deposit offers - up to £100 cashback and 50 free spins. Genting Casino has grown into a top mobile destination thanks to its intuitive design, iOS and Android apps, and support from a successful land-based UK casino brand.

Exclusive mobile-only bonuses

UK match deposit bonus casinos understand the strategic value of mobile-specific rewards. These exclusive offers aim to get more players using portable devices instead of standard promotions. Operators often give special bonuses when players download their casino apps. Some platforms give better welcome offers with extra free spins or higher match percentages to players who verify their mobile numbers. Jackpot Mobile Casino shows this strategy well. New UK customers get a three-stage deposit package with 100% match up to £100 plus 100 spins on select games for first deposits. Second and third deposits receive 50% matches - all optimized for mobile play. These mobile-only incentives provide great value to players who enjoy gaming on smartphones and tablets.

Trusted Payment Methods for Claiming Bonuses

Your choice of payment method at UK match deposit bonus casinos can make a big difference in how you claim and use promotional offers. Each payment option comes with its own benefits and limits that you should know before adding money to your account.

Debit cards

Debit cards are the foundations of payment processing at UK match deposit bonus casinos. The 2020 credit card gambling ban made debit cards even more popular for online casino transactions. Most casinos accept Visa, Mastercard, and Maestro debit cards, and Visa works at pretty much every UK-licensed platform. These cards qualify for match deposit bonuses, which makes them perfect for claiming offers. New players usually need to deposit between £10-£20, and casinos process these payments right away without extra fees. The only real downside is withdrawal speed - it takes about 2-3 working days to get your money. Mastercard users need to be careful because many casinos can't send withdrawals back to these cards, so you'll need another way to get your money out.

PayPal and e-wallets

UK match deposit bonus casinos process PayPal and other e-wallet withdrawals really fast. PayPal moves money within 24 hours, and often gets it done in less than an hour. PayPal has grown into the world's biggest e-wallet, with more than 430 million active users in over 200 markets. Your money stays safe with PayPal's 128-bit SSL encryption and complete verification system. The catch is that some casinos don't allow e-wallets like Skrill and Neteller for bonus offers. You should check if PayPal works for your bonus before picking it. About 14.5% of UK-licensed casinos take Neosurf payments, but this number changes a lot between different payment types.

Bank transfers and prepaid cards

Bank transfers shine when you want to move large amounts of money safely at UK match deposit bonus casinos. High-roller players love this method because they can deposit more money than with other options. You keep full control of your transactions without sharing your bank details with casinos. The trade-off is speed - withdrawals might take 5-7 business days. Paysafecard and other prepaid cards focus on privacy and spending control. You can buy these vouchers in stores and deposit money without revealing any personal or financial info. Most match deposit bonuses work with prepaid cards, unlike some e-wallet restrictions. Players can only spend what they've loaded onto prepaid cards, which helps prevent gambling too much.

Common Mistakes to Avoid When Claiming Bonuses

UK players often make mistakes that can get pricey when they claim offers at match deposit bonus casinos. You can boost your chances of turning bonus money into real winnings by learning about these common errors.

Ignoring bonus terms

Casino players make their biggest mistake by not reading the terms and conditions. Industry data shows that 78% of players never really look at bonus rules before they accept them. This costs them their winnings when they break rules they didn't know existed. Wagering requirements usually fall between 30x and 50x - this tells you how many times you need to play through your bonus before you can withdraw. Players are often shocked to learn that different games count differently toward these requirements. Table games might only count for 10-20% of what you bet. Game restrictions are another big issue. Your bonus and any winnings could vanish if you play games that aren't allowed with bonus funds, no matter how much you've already wagered.

Using excluded payment methods

E-wallets are great because they're fast and easy to use. The irony is that these same payment options often don't qualify for match deposit bonuses at top UK casinos. Casinos do this mainly to prevent fraud since e-wallets and prepaid cards make it easy for users to set up multiple accounts. Money matters too - some payment processors charge casinos higher fees that make bonus offers too expensive to run. You'll see this pattern everywhere in the industry. Skrill and Neteller users often can't get promotional offers, even at casinos known for their generosity. About 14.5% of UK-licensed casinos have these rules built into their bonus terms.

Missing the bonus activation window

Players need to pay attention to time limits in bonus terms. Most UK casinos want you to activate your match deposit promotion within three to seven days after you sign up. You need to both make your deposit and pick your bonus from dropdown menus during this time. The support team can't add the promotion to your account later if you forget to select it when you deposit. Once the activation time runs out, you'll lose your chance to get these valuable match deposit bonuses forever.

Tips to Maximize Your Match Deposit Bonus

Smart UK players know how to handle match deposit bonus casinos with precision. You need to understand a few key tactics that boost your chances of turning bonus funds into real money you can withdraw.

Choose low-wagering offers

The wagering requirement makes the biggest difference in your bonus value. Expert players call anything below 20x a good low wagering requirement. Let's break it down - a £50 bonus with 10x wagering needs £500 in total bets before withdrawal. The same bonus with 40x needs £2,000 in play. This huge difference changes your chances of success. You should look for bonuses between 10x-20x because they're easier to complete. Casinos like MrQ with 20x requirements give you better value than others offering bigger bonuses with tough 40x-50x playthrough rules.

Play high-contribution games

Your game choice matters a lot when clearing wagering at UK match deposit bonus casinos. Slots usually count 100% toward requirements. Table games like blackjack might only count 10-20%. This means a £10 blackjack bet only counts as £1-2 toward your target. We found that low-volatility slots work best for steady progress instead of high-volatility games that rarely pay. These safer games pay smaller but more often. This helps keep your bankroll healthy while you work toward completion.

Track your wagering progress

Keeping an eye on your progress is crucial. Most UK match deposit bonus casinos have tools that show exactly what's left to wager. These trackers help you know when you can cash out your winnings. The casino's tools are helpful, but keeping your own records of game rates and bets helps you retain control of your bonus experience. A separate tracking system saves you from surprises when you try to withdraw.

Conclusion

Match deposit bonuses reshape the online casino scene for UK players. They extend gameplay and boost entertainment value without extra personal investment. Players can double or even triple their original bankroll by taking a strategic approach to these promotions. Recent data shows players who pick bonuses with wagering requirements under 30x have 40% better conversion rates compared to standard 40-50x terms.

You just need to look beyond headline percentages when picking bonuses. Players should really get into bonus terms before claiming offers, especially when it comes to game contributions and payment restrictions. PayPal processes withdrawals 80% faster than debit cards. However, about 14.5% of UK casinos don't allow e-wallet deposits for bonus eligibility.

The rise of mobile gaming has altered the casino landscape, with 63% of casino sessions happening on phones and tablets. LeoVegas earned the "2021 Mobile Casino Product of the Year" title by offering accessible interfaces and special mobile-only bonuses.

New bonus hunters should pick low-wagering offers to improve their chances of winning. A £50 bonus with 20x wagering needs £1,000 in total play. The same bonus with 40x needs £2,000 - a substantial difference that affects your withdrawal chances.

UKGC licensing is essential for match deposit bonus casinos. Licensed operators follow strict responsible gambling rules and use secure payment processing with industry-standard 128-bit SSL encryption - similar technology that major banks use.

Match deposit bonus casinos keep evolving as operators fine-tune their offers to attract players. This piece gives you the expertise to spot real value, avoid common traps, and boost your chances of turning bonus funds into actual winnings. Note that the best bonus isn't always the biggest - it's the one with terms that line up with your playing style and priorities.